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The LIDAR is coming!
Captain Brian Greeves
(Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association)
(This article is reproduced from Flyleaf - Issue 42 with
the permission from HKAOA/ HKALPA and Captain Brain Greeves)
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¡u¿E¥ú¹p¹Fªº¨ÓÁ{¡v- Âà¸ü¦Û Flyleaf - Issue 42 (¥u¥H^¤åµoªí)
Flyleaf is a magazine published by the Hong Kong Aircrew
Officers Association (HKAOA) and the Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association (HKALPA).
In the following article published in August 2002, shortly after installation
of the LIDAR, Captain Greeves gives us an introduction of the LIDAR and his
perception of the equipment from a pilot's perspective.
In my last article (Flyleaf - Issue 41) on the Windshear and Turbulence Warning
System, I promised to write something about the LIDAR. I hoped that everyone
had forgotten that, but unfortunately I received a note from the editor demanding
a piece, so here goes!
First of all, LIDAR is not a new type of lie detection equipment. It stands
for LIght Detection and Ranging and is a type of infrared Doppler radar.
It works in a similar way as a Doppler weather radar such as the TDWR, but uses
an invisible (and safe) laser beam instead of microwaves. Its range of
detection is limited by both the line of sight and by the visibility, so whilst
the TDWR works best with particles, particularly raindrops, the LIDAR works
best in clear skies with very small particles (aerosols).
|
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Figure 7 : Infrared Doppler radar (LIDAR) principle
of operation
The wavelength of the LIDAR beam is 2 microns compared
with 5 cm for the TDWR. This is not a limitation, because it has been
bought to assist with the detection of windshear and turbulence in clear air
conditions.
It will be sited on top of the ATC Complex and will have a range of about 4.5
nm. It will be able to observe the approach/departure track of all the
runways i.e. out to 3nm beyond each runway threshold. This is one of the
first installations of an operational LIDAR. Although the LIDAR has been
around for sometime, it has previously only been used for research projects/purposes,
including determining the wind characteristics around Chek Lap Kok prior to
the opening of the Hong Kong International Airport. The problem with these
research LIDARs was the scan rate was very slow (about once per 30 minutes)
so they were no good for giving real-time information. This LIDAR will
not have that limitation. It is still too early to know what its exact performance
will be, but if it works, as planned, it will prove to be an excellent enhancement
to the WTWS.
The LIDAR will be installed this summer and should be
providing data towards the end of the year. Initially, the performance
of the LIDAR will be assessed by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). It will
then be gradually integrated (in 2003), first to assist the forecaster, with
the eventual aim of it generating automatic alerts (2005 provisionally).
¡@ |
Figure 8: LIDAR
wind velocities
The LIDAR is already producing
some good data, including the above radar picture showing turbulence with around
5-10 knots loss on the approach to Runway 07. The TDWR (see display below)
was taken slightly earlier, when an alert was being generated with a 10-15 knots
loss. I know the LIDAR was correct, because I flew the approach at that
time.
Figure 9: TDWR wind velocities
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Microburst and windshear in Hong Kong
Captain Chris Kempis
(Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association)
(This article is reproduced from Flyleaf - Issue 42 with
the permission from HKAOA/ HKALPA and Captain Chris Kempis)
¡u»´äªº·L¤UÀ»¼É¬y¤Î·¤ÁÅÜ¡v - Âà¸ü¦Û Flyleaf - Issue 42 (¥u¥H^¤åµoªí)
This discussion has been written in the wake of articles
on the subject published in two Cathay Pacific magazines, namely Crews News
and Kai Talk. Both articles contain useful, pertinent information and are worth
taking the time to read. Kai Talk also carries an article on the Virgin
Atlantic windshear incident at Chek Lap Kok (CLK) last summer. The following
discussion is intended to supplement these publications.
Windshear and, more specifically, microbursts were the aviation safety buzzwords
of the 1980s. The period saw several microburst related accidents, with
the Delta Airlines Flight191 L1011 crash on approach to Dallas Fort Worth in
August 1985 being arguably the final catalyst to change. Windshear (in
the same manner as Controlled Flight Into Terrain [CFIT] is considered today)
was declared aviation's no 1 accident cause and what followed was a concerted
effort by regulators, research agencies, the airlines and the International
Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations (IFALPA) to develop procedures and
training in: a) windshear and microburst avoidance, and b) maximizing the chances
of a successful recovery from these hazards.
As a result we now have in place procedures (mostly memory items) and, more
recently, on-board equipment. As professional aviators we know these to be essential
tools of our trade.
Microbursts are typically associated with extra-tropical or temperate climates,
particularly where these occur over large land masses. What is less expected
is the presence of microburst type conditions in the tropical, maritime air
mass that is typical in Hong Kong. Yet, these do occur and considerable
effort has been expended in achieving a better understanding of these phenomena.
The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and IFALPA have compiled a booklet titled "Windshear
and Turbulence in Hong Kong," intended as guide for pilots operating into CLK.
The following is an excerpt explaining "terrain-induced windshear":
What is 'terrain-induced windshear'?
Hills disrupt the flow of air across them and hence may induce windshear and
turbulence. The Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is located to the
north of the mountainous Lantau Island, the highest peak on which is above 900
m. When winds of 15 knots or higher blow across the hills on Lantau from
the east, southeast, south and southwest, windshear and turbulence may occur
near the airport. Larger magnitude of windshear and turbulence is possible when
the wind speed is over 30 knots.
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While winds of 20 knots
or higher come from the northwest through northeast sectors across the hills
to the north of HKIA, windshear and turbulence may also occur near the airport,
although much less frequently.
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On windy occasions such as the approach
of a tropical cyclone, air streams of high wind speed may emerge from mountain
gaps. Lying between these high-speed air streams are air streams of lower
wind speed. Aircraft traversing through alternating high-speed and low-speed
air streams may encounter headwind losses and gains at different locations along
the approach and departure corridors.
In particular, if an aircraft flies from a low-speed air stream to a high-speed
air stream, it may experience a large headwind gain leading to a lift of the
aircraft. If the aircraft moves from a high-speed air stream to a low-speed
air stream, it may experience a large headwind loss resulting in a sinking motion.
This sinking occurs irrespective of whether there is accompanying precipitation
or not.
Apart from windy situations, windshear may also occur over the airport in lighter
wind conditions when the atmosphere is stable (e.g. presence of a low-level
tempeature inversion). In fact, windshear has been known to occur when winds
of less than 15 knots blow across the hills on Lantau Island in the spring months.
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Due to the sporadic
and transient characteristics of windshear, a wind speed loss/gain may not
necessarily be followed/preceded by a wind speed gain/loss. Some aircraft
may experience windshear and/or turbulence, while others do not, although
the weather conditions are broadly the same. |
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Windshear and turbulence are, on average, more significant
on the southern runway because of the closeness to the hills of Lantau Island.
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Terrain-induced windshear does not necessarily occur
in rain. As a matter of fact, many of the terrain-induced windshear
reports received from aircraft flying into or out of HKIA are not associated
with precipitation. |
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While terrain-induced windshear is not caused by a "conventional
microburst", the headwind loss and the sink that it brings to an aircraft
may be comparable to that of a "conventional" microburst. |
A major tool used in researching the above mentioned phenomena is the Terminal
Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR). The primary role of this instrument is to
detect local wind conditions that lead to windshear and microbursts and, as
such, it forms an essential part of the Windshear and Turbulence Warning System
(WTWS). (See Spring 2002 issue of The Flyleaf for detail on the WTWS).
The Kai Talk article by meteorologists from the HKO explains some of the operations
of the TDWR as well as mountain wave flow and windshear. Below is a typical
TDWR display showing the "spokes" or high speed airstreams (blue) that flow
out from gaps on Lantau during southerly wind conditions. Notice the lower
speed airstreams (green/dark green) that are interspersed between them:
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Figure 22: 10:24 hrs UTC TDWR wind velocities
Note: Blue to green indicates varying wind speeds
towards radar and colors yellow to red away from radar.
So, what have we learned from the past
four years of operations at CLK? Crew and ATC awareness of the potential hazards
have increased with operational exposure. The HKO is refining the calibration
and algorithms for the TDWR. More importantly though, knowledge and training
are the most effective tools and they tell us that avoidance is by far the best
strategy. In fact, Flight Operations management has come out in print
in both newsletters and NTCs with the clear message: Avoid! Do not take
off or make/continue an approach if a microburst alert is in force (as broadcast
on ATIS or transmitted by ATC). Should an un-forecast microburst be encountered,
it will present itself as severe windshear. Follow SOPs and carry out
the manoeuvre without hesitation and to the best of your ability. On board
detection systems may or may not recognize the conditions as the systems generally
only operate below 1500ft RA. (The FMGEC's did not detect windshear on
the 2nd approach in the Virgin Atlantic incident). Finally, do not limit
your awareness of this phenomenon to Hong Kong. Narita 16/34 is another example
of an approach in our network that is affected by windshear. Pay close
attention to METARs, ATIS, SIGMETs, Port Pages, ATC and PIREPs and form as accurate
a mental picture as possible when planning your approach or departure. Then,
as stated previously, follow SOPs and training.
For more information on microbursts as well as the windshear and turbulence
detection equipment in use in Hong Kong, log on to the HKO Website at: http://www.weather.gov.hk/.
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Telephone and Fax Numbers
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Enquiry on flight documents
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(852) 2910 6922 |
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¾÷³õ®ð¶H©Ò¥DºÞ
Officer-in-charge AMO
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(852) 2910 6300
(852) 2922 5805 |
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·íȯèªÅ¹w³øû
Duty Forecaster AMO
¶Ç¯u Fax
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(852)2910 6920 (852)2922 5806
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¥´¹q¸Ü°Ý¤Ñ®ð
Dial-a-Weather
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(852) 187 8200
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¬d¸ß¸ê®Æ¹q¸Ü¨t²Î
Telephone Information Enquiry System
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(852) 2926 1133 |
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Hong Kong Observatory Home Page
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http://www.weather.gov.hk
http://www.hko.gov.hk/
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¯èªÅ®ð¶HªA°Èºô¶
Web Page for Aviation Weather Services
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http://www.weather.gov.hk/aviation
http://www.hko.gov.hk/aviation
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¬O´Á½s¿è Ĭ§ÓÅv
Editor this issue C.K. So
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»´ä¤Ñ¤å¥x¡G»´ä¤EÀsÀ±´°¹D134A ¹q¶l Email¡Gmailbox@hko.gov.hk
Hong Kong Observatory¡G134A Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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