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Captain Brian Greeves
(Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association)
(This article is reproduced from Flyleaf - Issue 42 with the permission from HKAOA/ HKALPA and Captain Brain Greeves)
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Flyleaf is a magazine published by the Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association (HKAOA) and the Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association (HKALPA).
In the following article published in August 2002, shortly after installation of the LIDAR, Captain Greeves gives us an introduction of the LIDAR and his perception of the equipment from a pilot's perspective.
In my last article (Flyleaf - Issue 41) on the Windshear and Turbulence Warning System, I promised to write something about the LIDAR. I hoped that everyone had forgotten that, but unfortunately I received a note from the editor demanding a piece, so here goes!
First of all, LIDAR is not a new type of lie detection equipment. It stands for LIght Detection and Ranging and is a type of infrared Doppler radar. It works in a similar way as a Doppler weather radar such as the TDWR, but uses an invisible (and safe) laser beam instead of microwaves. Its range of detection is limited by both the line of sight and by the visibility, so whilst the TDWR works best with particles, particularly raindrops, the LIDAR works best in clear skies with very small particles (aerosols).
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Figure 7 : Infrared Doppler radar (LIDAR) principle of operation
The wavelength of the LIDAR beam is 2 microns compared with 5 cm for the TDWR. This is not a limitation, because it has been bought to assist with the detection of windshear and turbulence in clear air conditions.
It will be sited on top of the ATC Complex and will have a range of about 4.5 nm. It will be able to observe the approach/departure track of all the runways i.e. out to 3nm beyond each runway threshold. This is one of the first installations of an operational LIDAR. Although the LIDAR has been around for sometime, it has previously only been used for research projects/purposes, including determining the wind characteristics around Chek Lap Kok prior to the opening of the Hong Kong International Airport. The problem with these research LIDARs was the scan rate was very slow (about once per 30 minutes) so they were no good for giving real-time information. This LIDAR will not have that limitation. It is still too early to know what its exact performance will be, but if it works, as planned, it will prove to be an excellent enhancement to the WTWS.
The LIDAR will be installed this summer and should be providing data towards the end of the year. Initially, the performance of the LIDAR will be assessed by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). It will then be gradually integrated (in 2003), first to assist the forecaster, with the eventual aim of it generating automatic alerts (2005 provisionally).
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Figure 8: LIDAR wind velocities
The LIDAR is already producing some good data, including the above radar picture showing turbulence with around 5-10 knots loss on the approach to Runway 07. The TDWR (see display below) was taken slightly earlier, when an alert was being generated with a 10-15 knots loss. I know the LIDAR was correct, because I flew the approach at that time.
Figure 9: TDWR wind velocities
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Microburst and windshear in Hong Kong
Captain Chris Kempis (Hong Kong Airline Pilots Association)
(This article is reproduced from Flyleaf - Issue 42 with the permission from HKAOA/ HKALPA and Captain Chris Kempis)
¡u»´äªº·L¤UÀ»¼É¬y¤Î·¤ÁÅÜ¡v - Âà¸ü¦Û Flyleaf - Issue 42 (¥u¥H^¤åµoªí)
This discussion has been written in the wake of articles on the subject published in two Cathay Pacific magazines, namely Crews News and Kai Talk. Both articles contain useful, pertinent information and are worth taking the time to read. Kai Talk also carries an article on the Virgin Atlantic windshear incident at Chek Lap Kok (CLK) last summer. The following discussion is intended to supplement these publications.
Windshear and, more specifically, microbursts were the aviation safety buzzwords of the 1980s. The period saw several microburst related accidents, with the Delta Airlines Flight191 L1011 crash on approach to Dallas Fort Worth in August 1985 being arguably the final catalyst to change. Windshear (in the same manner as Controlled Flight Into Terrain [CFIT] is considered today) was declared aviation's no 1 accident cause and what followed was a concerted effort by regulators, research agencies, the airlines and the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations (IFALPA) to develop procedures and training in: a) windshear and microburst avoidance, and b) maximizing the chances of a successful recovery from these hazards.
As a result we now have in place procedures (mostly memory items) and, more recently, on-board equipment. As professional aviators we know these to be essential tools of our trade.
Microbursts are typically associated with extra-tropical or temperate climates, particularly where these occur over large land masses. What is less expected is the presence of microburst type conditions in the tropical, maritime air mass that is typical in Hong Kong. Yet, these do occur and considerable effort has been expended in achieving a better understanding of these phenomena. The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and IFALPA have compiled a booklet titled "Windshear and Turbulence in Hong Kong," intended as guide for pilots operating into CLK. The following is an excerpt explaining "terrain-induced windshear":
What is 'terrain-induced windshear'? Hills disrupt the flow of air across them and hence may induce windshear and turbulence. The Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is located to the north of the mountainous Lantau Island, the highest peak on which is above 900 m. When winds of 15 knots or higher blow across the hills on Lantau from the east, southeast, south and southwest, windshear and turbulence may occur near the airport. Larger magnitude of windshear and turbulence is possible when the wind speed is over 30 knots.
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While winds of 20 knots or higher come from the northwest through northeast sectors across the hills to the north of HKIA, windshear and turbulence may also occur near the airport, although much less frequently.
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On windy occasions such as the approach of a tropical cyclone, air streams of high wind speed may emerge from mountain gaps. Lying between these high-speed air streams are air streams of lower wind speed. Aircraft traversing through alternating high-speed and low-speed air streams may encounter headwind losses and gains at different locations along the approach and departure corridors.
In particular, if an aircraft flies from a low-speed air stream to a high-speed air stream, it may experience a large headwind gain leading to a lift of the aircraft. If the aircraft moves from a high-speed air stream to a low-speed air stream, it may experience a large headwind loss resulting in a sinking motion. This sinking occurs irrespective of whether there is accompanying precipitation or not.
Apart from windy situations, windshear may also occur over the airport in lighter wind conditions when the atmosphere is stable (e.g. presence of a low-level tempeature inversion). In fact, windshear has been known to occur when winds of less than 15 knots blow across the hills on Lantau Island in the spring months.
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Due to the sporadic and transient characteristics of windshear, a wind speed loss/gain may not necessarily be followed/preceded by a wind speed gain/loss. Some aircraft may experience windshear and/or turbulence, while others do not, although the weather conditions are broadly the same. |
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Windshear and turbulence are, on average, more significant on the southern runway because of the closeness to the hills of Lantau Island. |
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Terrain-induced windshear does not necessarily occur in rain. As a matter of fact, many of the terrain-induced windshear reports received from aircraft flying into or out of HKIA are not associated with precipitation. |
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While terrain-induced windshear is not caused by a "conventional microburst", the headwind loss and the sink that it brings to an aircraft may be comparable to that of a "conventional" microburst. |
A major tool used in researching the above mentioned phenomena is the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR). The primary role of this instrument is to detect local wind conditions that lead to windshear and microbursts and, as such, it forms an essential part of the Windshear and Turbulence Warning System (WTWS). (See Spring 2002 issue of The Flyleaf for detail on the WTWS). The Kai Talk article by meteorologists from the HKO explains some of the operations of the TDWR as well as mountain wave flow and windshear. Below is a typical TDWR display showing the "spokes" or high speed airstreams (blue) that flow out from gaps on Lantau during southerly wind conditions. Notice the lower speed airstreams (green/dark green) that are interspersed between them:
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Figure 22: 10:24 hrs UTC TDWR wind velocities
Note: Blue to green indicates varying wind speeds towards radar and colors yellow to red away from radar.
So, what have we learned from the past four years of operations at CLK? Crew and ATC awareness of the potential hazards have increased with operational exposure. The HKO is refining the calibration and algorithms for the TDWR. More importantly though, knowledge and training are the most effective tools and they tell us that avoidance is by far the best strategy. In fact, Flight Operations management has come out in print in both newsletters and NTCs with the clear message: Avoid! Do not take off or make/continue an approach if a microburst alert is in force (as broadcast on ATIS or transmitted by ATC). Should an un-forecast microburst be encountered, it will present itself as severe windshear. Follow SOPs and carry out the manoeuvre without hesitation and to the best of your ability. On board detection systems may or may not recognize the conditions as the systems generally only operate below 1500ft RA. (The FMGEC's did not detect windshear on the 2nd approach in the Virgin Atlantic incident). Finally, do not limit your awareness of this phenomenon to Hong Kong. Narita 16/34 is another example of an approach in our network that is affected by windshear. Pay close attention to METARs, ATIS, SIGMETs, Port Pages, ATC and PIREPs and form as accurate a mental picture as possible when planning your approach or departure. Then, as stated previously, follow SOPs and training.
For more information on microbursts as well as the windshear and turbulence detection equipment in use in Hong Kong, log on to the HKO Website at: http://www.weather.gov.hk/.
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¹q¸Ü¤Î¶Ç¯u¸¹½X Telephone and Fax Numbers |
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¬d¸ß¸¦æ®ð¶H¤å¥ó Enquiry on flight documents
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(852) 2910 6922 |
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¾÷³õ®ð¶H©Ò¥DºÞ Officer-in-charge AMO
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(852) 2910 6300 (852) 2922 5805 |
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·íȯèªÅ¹w³øû Duty Forecaster AMO
¶Ç¯u Fax |
(852)2910 6920 (852)2922 5806
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¥´¹q¸Ü°Ý¤Ñ®ð Dial-a-Weather
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(852) 187 8200 (¸f»y) (852) 187 8202 (´¶³q¸Ü) (852) 187 8066 (English)
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¬d¸ß¸ê®Æ¹q¸Ü¨t²Î Telephone Information Enquiry System
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(852) 2926 1133 |
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¤Ñ¤å¥xºô¶ Hong Kong Observatory Home Page
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http://www.weather.gov.hk http://www.hko.gov.hk/ |
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¯èªÅ®ð¶HªA°Èºô¶ Web Page for Aviation Weather Services
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http://www.weather.gov.hk/aviation http://www.hko.gov.hk/aviation |
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¬O´Á½s¿è Ĭ§ÓÅv Editor this issue C.K. So
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»´ä¤Ñ¤å¥x¡G»´ä¤EÀsÀ±´°¹D134A ¹q¶l Email¡Gmailbox@hko.gov.hk
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